References briefly identify the source of information for readers, and enables readers to locate the source in the alphabetical reference list at the end of the article.
Each time you quote a source directly, paraphrase an idea, or refer to something that another person said or wrote identify the original source by inserting the author's last name and the date within the text of your paper.
Each source you cite must also appear in the reference list at the end of your paper.
Give page numbers for direct quotations.
Note that any sentence punctuation comes after the closing parenthesis.
Gaining support from teachers and parents can be difficult:
We have found that teachers may exhibit resistance to the idea of a child leaving class
to play if a child is not progressing well academically or if a child has exhibited
behavioral problems in the classroom. Starting the academic year with a brief staff
development training explaining play therapy, listing its emotional and behavioral
benefits, and sharing how the program will be implemented helps to initiate teacher
support of the program.
To ensure and grow support, we recommend that the school psychologist conduct
consistent consultations on a monthly basis (approximately every 3–5 sessions) with
teachers of children in play therapy. (Landreth, Ray, & Bratton, 2011, p. 284)
If the author's name is used in the text, only the date needs to be inside parentheses. When both the author and the date are used in the citation, separate them with a comma.
If the author's last name and the date both happen to appear in the text, there is no need to give further reference.
You need to include the year only once when referring to a particular study within a paragraph as long as the study will not be confused with other studies.
When referring to a particular part of a source, give the page number, chapter, figure, or table at the appropriate place in the text. Abbreviate page but not chapter.
When a work has two authors, cite both names every time the reference occurs in text. When citing two authors in the text, join their names by the word "and." In parenthetical material, in tables, and in the reference list, join the names by an ampersand (&):
When a work has more than three authors and fewer than six, cite all the authors the first time the reference occurs; subsequently, only the last name of the first author followed by "et al." and the year.
If there are six or more authors, cite only the first author and replace the rest with the abbreviation "et al." For example, Kosslyn, Koenig, Barrett, Cave, Tang, and Gabrielli (1996) would always be cited as:
If you are referring to a source cited by another author, use the following form:
Note: Be sure to list Kagan's work, not Ainsworth's, in your reference list, since you found the information in Kagan.
Data that is not recoverable is called "personal communications," and can include the following:
Cite personal communications in the text only. They are never included in a reference list. Give the initials of the communicator and an exact date as possible.
